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口语交际能力论文模板(10篇)
时间：2022-03-06 23:45:02
导言：作为写作爱好者，不可错过为您精心挑选的10篇口语交际能力论文，它们将为您的写作提供全新的视角，我们衷心期待您的阅读，并希望这些内容能为您提供灵感和参考。
篇1
1．预习自说。阅读总建立在学生对课文预习的基础上，而预习情况反馈，提供了交流学情空间，拓展新知。应让学生自说预习中读懂了哪些，还有哪些疑难。
2．朗读仿说。阅读课就是教师指导下的读书课，训练任何一种语言能力都离不开读，特别是“对话”可让学生自选角色朗读，读中感悟真情。通过模仿表演反复训练，自然提高口语表达能力。
3．讨论互说。阅读是一种个性色彩极强的活动，通过对课文感知，学生有了“第一印象”，教师放手让学生解疑问难，小组讨论，交流汇报，学生畅谈对课文的理解，创造乐说、会说、能说的氛围。
4．总结评说。阅读教学中对问题探究，课文朗读，习题训练等都要指导小结评说。让学生在分析、梳理、归纳的思维训练中培养口语表达的具体性，严密性，提高表达的水平。值得注意的是要给足时间，让学生尽情倾吐内心的感受，实现同学间的信息沟通与启迪。
这一教学模式把阅读和听说融为一体，学生说中感知课文，说中感悟课文，读中积累语言，说中品析课文，真正学会语言。
二、开展活动，创设口语交际的氛围
学生在实践活动中进行动手、观察、体验、想象、创新。开展活动，能丰富口语交际的内容，掌握口语交际的方法技巧，提高听、说、交往的能力。
1．引导“玩”中说。学生的自我表述只有在自由自在的空间才得以孕育、诞生。如《踩气球真有趣》活动课，让学生在草地围圈而坐，蓝天白云，绿树草地，鸟鸣蝉叫，孩子们回到大自然的境界里，进入最佳氛围，学生互相追逐，出现许多不同的有趣场面。这时引导学生自主看说，选择观察对象，摄取说的素材；生生互评，师生互评（评语言，评内容，评仪态）。这种自由、和谐、愉快的氛围成了学生表现自我的最佳“土壤”。
2．引导“做”中说。凡学生自己经历或亲手做的事，说起来总是那么绘声绘色，感情丰富。如《比比谁的手巧》活动课，课前让学生利用废弃材料自制小作品，做做说说；课中介绍作品，互相评说；课后开展销会，产品推销，创设交际过程。
3．引导“议”中说。教师根据训练要求，设计话题，让学生根据话题，发表看法。提出见解，如上《我心中的老师》口语交际课，可设计：①创设情境，激发说趣；②老师示范，提出要求；③小组讨论，相互介绍；④相互采访，自由评议。
三、关注社会，寻找口语交际的源头
生活是口语训练的主要源泉。因此，教师要主动帮助学生巧搭“说”的舞台，创设富有时代感和浓郁的生活情趣的语境，让学生在多姿多彩的“舞台’冲，观察表达。如开展“爱”的系列口语交际活动可作如下设计：
系列一：《爱我家庭，从真做起》说话课，以学生孝敬长辈为材料进行同桌互说，汇报评说，培养学生关心长辈的真情。
系列二：设计《爱我校园，从小做起》说话课，以学生做好事为材料进行练说，激发学生爱校的情感。课前开展“我们的校园我们爱”的活动，课中分小组汇报交流自己所见所闻。同时在别人说话中参与评价，最后去采访做好事的同学。从而使口语交际成为交流心得，增进情感的教育活动。
系列三：开展“爱我环境，从近做起”调查活动。让学生参与社会实践活动，了解家乡环境的污染情况，明确环保重要性。
课前阅读有关环境知识书报，使学生心有环境。并按水源、空气、居民小区三方面调查记录。课中以水源为例，明确说话要求，先说污染，再说危害，最后说想法，同桌互说，巩固要求。然后分组自由讨论“空气”和“居民小区”的情况。课后延伸，进行跟踪调查，做“环保小卫士”，评选“环保小卫士”。这样让学生调查社会、多角度观察，学生纷纷把改造家乡环境的想法说出来。
篇2
一、创设交际条件，诱发学生的交际欲望
口语交际课讲究的是教师和学生的双方互动，所以课前准备包括教师的课前准备和学生的课前准备。在课前，教师要认真备课，为口语交际课的话题做好准备，让学生有话可说，激发学生的兴趣，也就是要激发学生的学习动机。教师可以安排一些和教学内容有关的活动，如安排游戏、课本剧、参观等，或者制作一些教学工具，如激发学生兴趣的图片、动画等。由于小学生的认知发展水平比较低，所以学生的课前准备往往还是需要教师的安排和指导。因此，在课前，教师要事先安排一些活动作业，让学生熟悉口语交际的内容。例如，在上小学语文第二册的口语交际《春天在哪里》时，课前我先让学生自己观察春天的特点，然后我带学生在学校内找春天。最后，让他们把自己眼中的春天画下来。这样，学生在上课的时候就有了想表达的内容，想交流的愿望，对课堂教学的效果有了很好的促进作用。
二、课内多项互动，培养交际能力
1．在课堂教学中，要充分体现口语交际的双向互动的交际性的特点，即要进行多层次的互动交际，这样才能更好地培养学生的交际能力。
如，我在教学《我们身边的垃圾》这一课时，我由课件出示垃圾图片引发垃圾从哪里来的话题，由垃圾的对话引发汇报垃圾处理方法，由评选环保小卫士引发说说自己处理垃圾的想法等。师生共创生气勃勃、富有创意的课堂氛围，同创生与生、生与师多项互动的口语交流的动态过程。这样，才使学生从竞争、合作的经验中获得自尊和尊重他人、社交能力和自我调整的能力。
2．创建自由、轻松的课堂心理氛围，引导学生互动、交流。
创设一个良好的课堂氛围，也是上好口语交际课的一个关键问题。（1）要在课堂上建立平等、信任、和谐的师生关系，教师要走向民主、宽容。教师要尊重学生，对学生的发言要给予肯定，对学生的观点要给予尊重，要认识到，每一个学生都有自己独特的思维方式，有发展的潜力，要理解他们的不足，尽量采取表扬的方式，鼓励他们进行口语交际要保护学生的自尊心和自信心，可以作为一个听众、朋友而不是一个威严的法官，与学生一起聊天、讨论，进行没有心灵距离的开放式的交流。（2）要处理好学生间的关系，营造一个轻松的、积极的班级口语交际环境。学生之间的相互作用显然是不可忽视的教育因素。如果一个学生在说时，其他学生冷眼旁观、窃窃私语甚至进行人身攻击，那么有几个学生能顺利、轻松地完成口语交际？可能连最后的一丝勇气都要消失。所以，要鼓励学生学会交往，学会合作。既要学会清楚明白的表达自己的意思，也要学会倾听、补充和帮助，让融洽与合作的阳光普照每个学生的心灵。
3．课堂评价，促进互动。
口语交际课提倡放手，让学生真正得到自主发展，但是放手并不等于放任自流，任何语言都有一定的规范性。小学语文教学大纲指出：“学生在入学之前已具有初步的听说能力，小学阶段应在此基础上，规范学生的口头语言，提高口语交际能力，培养良好的听说态度和语言习惯。”因此，教师要致力于规范学生的口头语言。当然，评价并不是教师的专利，因为口语交际课讲究的是师生双方的互动，所以，评价也包括教师和学生两个方面。教师评价就是好让学生明确口语交际的教学目标、训练的重点和要求，规范学生的口语交际；而学生互评可以让学生相互交流和学习，取长补短。
“请大家仔细听，这位同学读得怎么样？”这是让学生听清楚、听明白；“请大家评一评刚才某学生的回答？”这是引导学生在听的基础上学会思考，学会给别人提出看法……
三、课外实践，深入生活，让口语教学活起来
训练口语交际能力并不仅仅局限于口语交际的课堂内，正如口语交际的实践性特点所要求的，课堂训练并不能真正代表生活中的口语交际，口语交际的训练还要在真正的生活情景这个“大课堂”中开展起来。
1．在语文教学的其他环节训练口语交际能力。
如利用教材内容、插图、课堂发言等机会，不失时机地给予学生运用语言的机会。
篇3
一、前言
语言具有社会交际功能,是一种交际工具,而文字是记录说话的手段。我们进行语言教学的根本目的是要在打好扎实的语言基础知识,进行认真严格的听、说、读、写训练的基础上,培养听、说、读、写的交际能力。然而我们传统的教学注重语法规则却不注重语言表达和交际,仍旧学习哑巴英语,这样培养出来的学生语法好,可是在实际的语言交流中却表达不出来,真正和外国人交流时说完天气就不知道还能说些什么。感觉自己有好多内容要说却很难用英语表达出来。口语能力的培养必须按自身的规律进行,具体地讲,口语能力的培养应该有一个可行的明确目标,即要符合口语交际的特点,遵循口语学习过程的规律,更要结合我国当前的口语教学实际进行改革,力争尽快地全面提高中国学生的口语交际能力。
二、加强大学英语口语交际能力的方法
1.加强英语思维能力训练
大学口语教学应致力于培养学生的口头交际能力,教师应该帮助学生养成良好的口头交际的习惯,做到语言清晰、流畅、达意。加强英语思维能力训练是培养学生用英语表达思想的能力的重要手段和途径。用英语思维是指排除本族语或本族语的干扰,用英语直接理解、判断和表达的能力。没有经过英语思维能力训练的人,大都是把听的东西译成自己的母语后再储存在记忆里。在表达前,再把语义信息,即他想说的,在脑子里下意识地寻求母语的表达式,然后再把它译成英语。这种做法不可避免地会导致母语的干扰。这样借助于母语表达出来的东西是不可能地道的,比如,中国人与朋友道别时,经常说“走好”、“慢走”、“慢点儿骑(自行车)”之类的客套语。一些喜欢用母语思维的英语学习者不了解英美人士常常微笑并作表示再见的手势,他们会习惯地说成:Goslowly,walkslowly或Rideslowly。这些说法听起来很不自然,运用这种方式与人交际经常会导致交际出现障碍甚至失败。在英语口语教学中应该让学生听地道的英语,培养他们边听、边用英语把听到而且理解了的东西储存在记忆里的习惯,以及培养他们克服母语干扰,直接用英语表达的良好习惯。2.采用分级教学
英语口语教学应该遵循由易到难,循序渐进的原则。第一级为初级阶段。在此阶段,教师首先应该为学生创造一个有利于学习语言的环境,让学生尽可能多地接触与运用对象语。最好是采用与日常生活相关的小故事与对话的内容,使学生有亲临其境的感觉,同时又能熟悉外国人日常生活方式及应答方式。除此之外,在初级阶段的学习中,学生还应该学习和掌握一些英语最基本的句型和习语、惯用语,要能熟练到脱口而出的程度。第二级为中级阶段。此阶段的训练目标主要是培养学生连贯说话的能力。教学内容可包括爱情、友谊、个性特点、生活习惯、趣味爱好、体育运动等。教学方式可采取复述短文、概述大意、描述图画、回答问题、观点讨论、角色扮演,把故事编成对话,把对话编成故事等。第三级为高级阶段,高级阶段的教学内容可扩展到对各种问题及现象的讨论与辩论,比如青年人的思想情绪、种族歧视、电视中的暴力、人口问题、环境污染问题等,教学方式主要采用辩论、演讲、小组讨论、总结发言等。通过这3个阶段的学习,学生就能逐渐地做到运用英语清楚地自由地表达自己的思想感情、意志以及观点了,也就具备了比较强的英语口头交际能力。
3.充实社会文化知识
在英语口语教学中,应该适度地、有选择地、比较系统地将文化知识的传授融入教学中,使英语口语教学与文化教学相结合。具体地说,在口语教学的初、中级阶段,着重交际文化的导入,内容包括介绍在日常生活交往方面英汉主流文化的差异,以及在语言形式和运用中的具体表现,打招呼和告别、各种称呼、祝贺和赞扬以及其他社交礼节等的差异介绍属于此类。介绍由于文化差异引起的英汉词语、成语、谚语和格言的意义及运用方面的差异,介绍英汉语言在比喻和联想运用上的差异以及英汉语言中典故、委婉语和禁忌语运用方面的差异等。学生通过这些差异的学习,就能理解各种英语表达法所涉及的文化内涵。在口语教学的高级阶段则着重导入知识文化,介绍中西方思维方式、价值观念、认知行为、交际关系以及言语表达方式等方面的差异。英美人比较注重定量分析,进行逻辑推理,而中国人比较注重直觉与先验理性。善于以经验为依据来分析、判断和解决问题。思维方式的差异使人们对同一事物产生不同看法,彼此交流时就容易产生误解。学生通过中西文化此类差异的学习,就增强了文化差异意识,了解了西方的人际关系及交往的深层次模式,从而学会得体地进行交际。
三、结语
总之,为了提高课堂交际法教学的质量,教师应该认真钻研教学规律,精心设计课堂交际活动的内容,用心研究,引导学生进行有效的参与,真正开展交际教学。
篇4
叙述方法，训练学生口语表达。识字教学要与发展思维、发展语言相结合。在识字教学过程中，教师要指导学生用已有的知识自学，并有意识地引导学生用语言叙述自己自学的方法和结果，训练学生的表达能力。如，学习“告”字：先让学生自学，用自己喜欢的方式识记；再让学生交流识字方法，有的学生说“我是用熟字加一部分的方法学习的，告字上面是牛字一竖不露尾，下面加个口”，有的学生说“我是先把上面一部分拆开成一撇和一个土字，下面加个口”，还有的学生说“我觉得我的办法比他们的还好，我是用编字谜的方法来学习的，谜语是：一口咬掉牛尾巴”。学生在说方法的过程中，相互启发、补充，语言能力在无形之中得到了提高。
2. 关注生活，利用一切机会练习口语交际 语文学习的外延和生活的外延大致相当。生活是口语交际的内容，口语交际是生活中必不可少的一种交际工具，丰富多彩的生活给口语交际提供了源头活水。教师要善于捕捉现实生活中的精彩画面，创设口语交际的情境，利用一切机会，对学生进行口语交际训练。
对话是人们在日常生活中最基本的说话方式，是人们运用口头语言进行交际的主要形式之一，说话具有即时性。学生在校最多的空余时间就是课间，所以，教师可以引导学生在课间交流中，要求学生对每一个话题的表述都尽量做到说流利、有条理、说准确，并注意选择恰当的对话方式，形成良好的训练氛围和说话习惯，进行对话训练。久而久之，学生就会在对话中不断纠正错误，提高说话质量。优秀的电影、电视节目，学生都非常喜欢观看，教师可从学生爱看的电影、电视节目中找到切入口，通过多种形式，进行说话训练。如《西游记》是人人喜欢看的电视剧，在学生观看后，我组织他们说说剧中的精彩情节，训练学生说话的条理性、准确性；对剧中空白的情节进行想象说话；有时让学生转述节目的主要内容；我还组织了一次“《西游记》人物评论会”，学生的说话具有较强的针对性、层次性，收到良好的训练效果。此外，孩子们感兴趣的动画片、电影，都是学生进行口语训练的好题材。这样的说话训练，学生能在愉快的气氛中，既回顾了电影、电视节目的内容，丰富了知识储备，又使学生的口头表达能力得到了训练，一举多得，是可以经常性、长期进行训练的好方式。
篇5
中图分类号：G63 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1674-098X（2014）06（c）-0115-01
口语交际能力是指用有声语言的形式同时辅助适当的非语言手段，以听、说为主要的实现途径来进行情感交流和信息沟通的能力，其中包括了对文化设定的理解把握以及对语言应用知识的利用。[1] 口语交际能力之所以重要，是因为它同时兼具了沟通的不可替代性和信息传递沟通的直接和有效性。语文作为对中国传统语言文化的深入，在教学过程中对学生进行口语交际能力的培养，至关重要。
1 口语交际能力的内涵和必要性
口语交际能力教学是中学语文教学中的重要组成部分，在《全日制义务教育语文课程标准》中对这一项提出新的要求，规定口语交际能力不仅要做到简单的对语言的理解和掌握，还应根据具体情况对不同对象使用不同的语言形式。口语交际能力表现在一个人的综合素质和能力中，是一种可以终身受用的语言能力。
在中学语文教学中，口语交际能力是一项重要的组成部分，培养中学生语文教学中的口语交际能力十分有必要性。首先，语文是一门人文社会学科，其教学内容是语言文化。因此，对语文这门学科的学习就意味着对语言文化的学习，教学的最终目的是将知识应用在生活中，而学生的口语交际能力可以将语言的艺术性、实用性融合在生活中，是对语文这门学科的一种升华。好的口语交际能力既满足了学生日常生活学习的需要，也总体提升了学生的综合能力。由此可见，在中学语文教学中，对于学生口语交际能力的培养占据多么重要的地位。
2 现今语文教育体系中口语交际能力存在的问题
语文教学改革始于20世纪70年代，在改革中于听说方面取得了一定的突破，但是同样也存在很多的不足。地域间、不同等级的学校之间、不同教师的能力等都是产生不足的决定因素。问题主要体现在以下几个方面。
2.1 缺少互动
口语交际能力最注重培养的就是与人沟通的能力。但是就目前的情势来看，在实际的口语交际能力的教学过程中，教师缺乏沟通意识，往往只是将课本的知识机械性的传递给学生。如在进行课文讲解时，教师只是通过对文章内容的分析来教授学生，并没有与学生沟通交流。很多学生在课堂中没有发言的机会，教师也对学生的发言缺少正确的认识，由此导致了师生之间的交流不足，长此以往，使学生失去了表达和发言的欲望，最终导致的结果是学生的口语交际能力低下，丧失学习兴趣，严重者还会产生与人沟通困难的心理障碍。
2.2 教师自身意识不强、水平不足
在整个教育体制中，教师起到导向作用。而在语言教育中，教师自身的能力也决定了学生是否能够很好的领悟语言的魅力，从而更好地吸收知识。而现今的中学语文教学中，大部分教师注重的都是对学生书面能力的培养，注重培养学生的答题技巧等以期学生能在中考中取得更好的成绩，由此就形成了一种“哑巴语言”的现象。同时由于教师自身的能力不足，导致在教学过程中，教学语言不够流畅，缺少逻辑性和条理性，在语言表达过程中过于随意，无法使学生真的受到感染。语言的学习是有一定的枯燥性的，如果教师不能很好的运用轻松幽默的方式来带给学生愉快的学习情绪，那么就会使学生丧失学习语言的兴趣，使学生用语言无法很好的表达自己的感受，影响了学生的口语交际能力。
2.3 实际应用不足
想要真正的把一门语言理解透彻，实际应用是最好的方式。但是着眼于当今的教育现状，很多语文教学都无法做到这一点，学校和教师将大部分的精力都投入到课堂的教学之中，忽略了让学生将语言实际应用到生活中的能力。仅凭死记硬背课本知识，无法培养学生的应对以及交际能力，无法掌握基本的口语交际技巧和交际方法，不能更好的与人沟通交流思想。久而久之，学生的口语交际能力变弱，不能更好的适应社会。
3 口语交际能力提升途径
根据上述对于当今于中学语文教学中对学生口语交际能力培养中的问题分析，可以明确的知道，只有教师正确的引导，在师生之间、生生之间建立起良好的沟通模式，引导学生将课本知识融入生活之中，注重实践，才能更好的提升学生的口语交际能力。具体做法有以下几点。
3.1 注重口语交际教学过程中的互动性
教师应做到“以学生为主体”，将学生放在课堂的主体地位中，在实际的口语交际教学过程中，应根据具体要求，设定相应的对话情境，增强学生之间、师生之间的互动。例如可以根据课本内容安排学生进行课本剧表演，由学生自行安排角色并攥写台词，这样在表演的过程中，可以让学生设身处地的理解文章中主人公的心理变化，可以更深刻、更直观地理解作者的中心思想，也同时提高了学生的口语表达能力和交际能力，进一步增强同学们的口语交际互动性。
3.2 对教师进行培训
教师作为学生的引导者，教师的能力和水平决定了学生对于知识的吸收能力。学校应该定期对教师进行培训和进修，让教师培养自己的语言能力，在教学过程中做到语言具有逻辑性、条理性，同时富有幽默感。这在一方面不仅为学校提供了更优质的师资力量，也从另一方面提升了学生的总体素质。教师合理运用自己的语言能力，在教学过程中建立起一个轻松、愉悦的学习氛围，这样可以更好地引发学生的学习兴趣，使学生能够更全面的吸收课本知识。
3.3 将口语交际能力应用到实际中
学习语言的最终目的就是为了在实际中应用。学校应当注重对学生的口语交际能力的实际应用的培养，比如可以利用课后的时间举办诗歌朗读大赛、演讲比赛、辩论比赛等，这些从一方面可以锻炼学生的思维能力，对于正在成长过程中的中学生思维模式的塑性有着重要意义，另一方面也可以更好的培养学生的口语交际能力，让学生在应用的过程中发现在自身不足，从而在今后的学习中更有侧重点，更好的完善自身能力。
4 结语
口语交际能力是对语言这门学科的最重要的表现形式，是培养学生思维能力得以发展的重要途径，口语交际能力的培养不但可以增强学生的合作交往意识和口头表述能力，也可以更好的提升学生的综合素质。因此在中学语文教学中，应当着重主义对学生口语交际能力的培养。
篇6
口语交际能力是当代中国人最重要也是最实用的能力之一，小学作为塑造学生性格和培育学生综合素质的关键时期，对小学生沟通能力和人际交往能力的培养至关重要。因此，语文教师应该充分利用阅读训练与口语交际的内在联系性，让学生不断加强口语交际能力，提升学生的语文素质。
一、小学语文阅读教学中口语交际能力的培养现状
（一）缺乏培养意识
我国小学语文阅读教学偏重对文中字词、作者思想感情以及文章排篇布局、遣词用句的理解，教师普遍没有形成在小学语文阅读教学中培养学生口语交际能力的意识。再者，口语交际能力属于主观能力，难以通过客观的方式检验，因此，在应试中并没有考核，这也导致一些教师对口语交际能力的不重视，从而将大把的时间和精力花费到应试题型上，忽视了对学生口语交际能力的培养。即使有部分老师认识到了口语交际能力培养的重要性，他们也将口语交际能力培养与阅读训练教学分开看待，利用不多的口语交际课程对学生进行理论性指导和训练，这种处理方式浪费了大量的口语交际培养资源。因此，改变教师对口语交际教学的意识至关重要。
（二）教学手段单一、低效
目前，我国小学语文教师对学生口语交际能力的培养方式大多是朗读和复述，学生对课堂的参与积极性不高，训练方式效率低下，没有形成良好的沟通氛围，交际性不强，达不到培养学生交际能力的目的。教师对口语交际教学手段的不了解，影响了口语交际课程的效果，降低了学生对口语交际的兴趣，从而影响了学生的口语交际能力。
（三）缺乏有效的评价
正如前文所提及的，口语交际能力是一种极其主观的能力，不能通过寻常的测试方式进行评价，长期以来，小学语文测试只注重学生识文断字的能力，而对于学生口语交际的考查则体现在任课老师的口头提问上。这种口头评价随意性强，模糊不清，缺乏一定的标准，也没有明确的指导性，影响学生形成系统的学习。
二、小学语文阅读教学中口语交际能力的培养方法
（一）重视对口语交际能力的培养
小学生口语交际能力的培养不仅可以提高学生的自主学习能力，还可以为他们日后走向社会打下良好的基础，提高其综合素质，因此，对学生口语交际能力的培养是小学语文教学重要的一环。部分教师必须改变其老旧的观念，正视对学生口语交际能力培养的重要性，从听、说、读、写等各个方面考查并培养学生的口语交际能力。鼓励学生在读懂文章的同时勇于说出自己的认知和感受，将口语交际训练融入阅读教学中，在阅读训练中潜移默化地加强学生对口语交际方面的训练，激发学生进行口语交际的积极性，让学生爱说、想说、敢说。
（二）创新教学方法
教师应该积极创新，改变原有的教学手段，利用阅读教学与口语交际训练的相互渗透性，探索培养学生口语交际能力的新方法。小学阅读多是故事类阅读，情节生动有趣，教师可以依托文本，鼓励学生通过角色扮演的形式，创设出贴近生活的对话情境，让学生在模拟对话中受到潜移默化的影响，增强语言能力，提高临场应变能力，达到口语交际训练的目的。
其次，教师也可以组织学生进行演讲活动，鼓励学生公开表达自己的意见，增强学生的语言组织能力和表达能力，提高学生“听话”和“说话”的能力，教师可以设置讨论辩论环节，鼓励学生将个人观点讲清楚，并与其他同学在此基础进行商讨和辩论，完善自己的观点，深化自己的见解。这种创新性的教学方式可以有效地活跃课堂气氛，激起学生的口语交际兴趣，在轻松的环境下完成对口语交际能力的提高。
（三）有效评价
有效的评价措施对提高学生口语交际能力有着重要的意义，因此，采取有效的评价措施，完善小学口语交际评价机制势在必行。教师可以将笔试与口试相结合，通过笔试，可以设置一些情境对话问题的形式，提高教师和学生对口语交际训练的重视程度，并且可以在理论层面对学生进行考查，督促学生尽快掌握口语交际的知识和技能。口试通过设置讲述、应对、转述、即席讲话、主题演讲等多种方式全面考查学生对口语交际的认识和表达沟通的水平。
综上所述，良好的口语交际能力是21世纪社会人必备的素质，
如何通过阅读教学培养学生的口语交际能力是当代教师必须思考的问题。在小学口语交际培养中，教师必须认识到自身的不足之处，正视口语交际的重要性，创新教学手段，完善评价机制，营造愉悦的教学氛围，将阅读教学与口语交际联系在一起，设计出更适合小学生口语交际训练的方法。
参考文献：
篇7
近年来，随着我国改革开放的发展和我国与国际间的经济、科技、文化交流日益频繁，人们越来越重视外国文化问题。同时，我们也逐渐认识到了了解外国文化在对外交往中的重要性。在教育领域中，外语教学也渐渐重视对学生交际能力的培养。然而，对许多老师而言，文化教学还是一个较新的概念，从跨文化角度对英语教学进行研究探讨在目前还是个新领域。我们必须认识到交际能力的培养是外语教学的主要目标，培养学生跨文化交际的技能是中学外语教学要达到的一个目标。文化教学在中学英语教学中的重要性不可忽视，英语学习者不了解英语国家的文化，就无法获得交际能力。因此在中学英语口语教学中应该目标明确地，循序渐进地，方法得当地导入文化教学，使英语学习者在学习语言和知识的同时受到文化的熏陶，在跨文化交际中游刃有余。
关键词： 跨文化交际；文化教学；中学英语口语教学
ABSTRACT
Since last century, because of reforming and opening policy, many people, especially young people go abroad to get a better job or get further education and so on. Besides, many foreigners are curious about our country. Consequently, people come to realize that if we know little about cross-cultural communication, there will be many conflicts. Some experts suggest that today’s English teaching should emphasize intercultural communication. Learners ought to know not only grammar or words, but should learn cultural knowledge. If not, they will meet many difficulties while they communicate with foreigners. Therefore, it is important to introduce this kind of knowledge while teaching. We can’t neglect the importance of culture teaching in middle school foreign language teaching, English teachers should integrate culture into ELF teaching gradually and appropriately. Thus the students may have a better understanding of the target language, and they may communicate freely and effectively in cross-culture communication.
Keywords：Cross-cultural communication; Cultural teaching; middle school ELF oral teaching
Contents
1. Introduction 2
2. the concept of intercultural communication 3
2.1 Literature review 3
2.2 Definition of intercultural communication 4
3.A survey based on classroom observations 7
3.1 The analysis of interviews 7
3.2 The analysis of a questionnaire 7
3.2.1 Data analysis on the questionnaire (1) 9
3.2.2 Data analysis on the questionnaire (2) 10
3.2.3 Data analysis on culture curriculum 12
4. Ways of improving cross-cultural communication competence in middle school oral teaching 15
4.1 The necessity of develop cross-cultural communication competence 17
4.2 Some strategies for improving cross-cultural communication competence in the ELF oral learning in chinese middle school 17
4.2.1 Some strategies to learners 17
4.2.2 Some strategies to teachers 19
5. Conclusion 25
Acknowledgements 26
References 27
AppendixⅠ 28
1． Introduction
Language is just like a mirror that reflects its national culture. Sociologists and anthropologists believe that culture comprises all products of human activity, including fields of literature, art, music, architecture, and scientific as well as aspects of customs, life-style, code of conduct, worldly wisdom and social organization, etc. Languages are generally accepted words and rules drawn from speech. Language is the carrier of culture and culture is the content of language20.
Worldwide interest in intercultural communication grows out of two assumptions. First, we live in an age when changes in technology, travel, economy, and political systems, immigration patterns, especially the emergence of Internet, have created a world in which we increasingly interact with people from different cultures. And whether we like it or not, these interactions will continue to grow in both frequently and intensely. Second, people now know that the influence of culture affects communication in a subtle way. Our culture perceptions and experiences help determine how the world looks and how we interact in the world.
However, as we look back to see the situation in China’s high schools. We see that, for several decades, language teachers have not been able to pay attention to the role of culture knowledge in language oral teaching. Nowadays, in the ELF oral teaching, especially in middle school, teachers pay much attention to vocabulary.
As Chinese culture is not the same as that of English-speaking countries, the rules for using Chinese are, in some respects, different from those using English. There is especially good evidence that Chinese students may transfer their mother tongue references of language used to their English performance and fail to communicate effectively[1]24. Misunderstanding caused by cross-cultural communication should break down and much attention should be paid to them in English language t eaching.
So in middle school ELF oral teaching, teachers must not only improve students’ language level, but also pay attention to cultivating students’ abilities of intercultural communication.
2. The concept of intercultural communication
2.1 Literature review
More and more common practice of intercultural communication promotes the emergence of the concept of intercultural communicative competence. It is a challenging issue for language study and language teaching.
In 1965, Chomsky put forward the concept of linguistic competence and linguistic performance. Later, it was challenged by Campbell and Wales (1970) and Hymes (1972). Hymes (1972) argues that the appropriateness of language is the core of communicative competence, and he sees communicative competence as part of cultural competence. Canale and Swain (1980) put forward a more complex framework, and Canale (1983) summarized communicative competence in the way that it includes four component parts --- grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic. Canale’s conclusion in fact suggests that all aspects of language using are determined by culture. The continuous theoretical research of communicative competence has paved the way for the development of language teaching in which cultural factors are considered more and more important.
In 1975, the first textbook on intercultural communication “An Introduction to Intercultural Communication” (Conden & Yousef ) was published, and many other books followed it. The research on intercultural communication has developed quickly, and has exerted incredible influence on language and cultural teaching.
Traditional language teaching divides language techniques into listening, speaking, reading and writing. Deman (1987) applied the theories of intercultural communication to language and cultural teaching, and viewed cultural teaching as the fifth dimension of language teaching. Seelye published a book named “Teaching Culture: Strategies for Foreign Language Education” in 1984. Gumperz (1982) conducted investigations on the “discourse strategy” of the communicators who had a non-English cultural background and who spoke English as the second language. He revealed that those communicators’ assumptions of the world that had been formed in their native cultural context would exert great influence on intercultural communication. This, in turn, has stimulated a trend in language teaching that sees culture as discourse (Widdowson, 1984; Mclarthy, 1991; Kramsch, 1993; Candlin,1994; Hanks,1996). So since 1990, process-centered and task-oriented teaching mode has been widely adopted in the west.
Besides, American applied linguist G. Robinson (1985) put forward an important concept that through language and cultural teaching learners would gain “Cultural Versatility”. That is to say, through learning culture, learners would change internally. This viewpoint is quite significant.
Prof. Michael Bryam’s research is also strikingly notable. He holds that foreign language education includes four parts: language learning, language understanding, cultural understanding, and cultural experience.
2.2 Definition of intercultural communication
“Intercultural Communication” can hence be defined as the interpersonal interaction between members of different groups, which differ form each other in respect of the knowledge shared by their members and in respect of their linguistic forms of symbolic behavior. In this Concepts of intercultural and Combines the Concepts of intercultural and communication, It also describes the problems and pitfalls of misunderstanding and the skills and competence required for successfully understanding member of other culture.
Thanks to Edward T. Hall who is regarded as the founder of intercultural communication, a new brink knowledge, intercultural communication, has been becoming more and more widespread in the whole world ever since the publication of his great work The Silence Language. Intercultural communication is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual processing tool with which people from different cultures create shared meaning[2]115. Intercultural communication occurs whenever a message produced in one culture must be processed in another culture. It can best be understood as cultural variance in the perception of social objects and events. The barriers to communication caused by this perceptual variance can best be lowered by a knowledge and understanding of cultural factors that are subject to variance, coupled with an honest and sincere desire to communicate successfully across cultural boundaries.
Intercultural communication refers to communication between persons who have d ifferent cultural beliefs, values, or ways of behaving.
2.2.1 Cultural and cross-cultural communication
Cultural awareness in language learning is the ability to be aware of cultural relativity following reading, writing, listening and speaking. As Claire kramsch points out…[12]
If…language is seen as social practice, culture becomes the very core of language teaching, cultural awareness must then be viewed as enabling language proficiency…
Language itself is defined by culture. Language competent cannot be achieved without a good understanding of culture that shapes it, especially in foreign language learning. It is not only therefore essential to have cultural awareness, but also have cross-cultural communication awareness, such as the understanding of the relationship between target culture and native culture.
2.2.2 Culture teaching and ELF oral teaching in middle school
The interrelationship between culture teaching and language teaching has been explored in depth by Michael Byram. The basis of Byram’s position is that it views language as a cultural phenomenon, embodying the values and meanings particular to a specific society, referring to the traditions and artifacts of that society and signaling its people’s sense of themselves—their cultural identity: “to teach foreign culture is to introduce learners to new competences and to allow them to reflect upon their own culture and cultural competence[2].” It is assumed by others that language could somehow stand alone and be taught as a value-free symbolic system. But the social nature of language works oppositely when separating it from its original culture, especially when appearing in overseas contexts, where the learners’ contact with the culture is largely confined to the foreign language classroom.
Traditional foreign language teaching does not pay much attention to cultural factor. It focuses mainly on the vocabulary and structure of the language. But plenty of facts prove that language is not only a symbol, a system, which put forward by pure linguistic theory scholar, but also a social practice. Therefore successful foreign language teaching must help the student master the knowledge of culture rules, in addition to use them in particular situation. Every nation has its unique culture pattern and language is the carrier of culture. For instance, Asians emphasize the importance of orderly society whereas Americans emphasize the importance of personal freedom and individual rights. For effective and appropriate communication, learners in middle school must be familiar with the differences in the foreign culture which they are learning and take according language behaviors.
3. A survey based on classroom observations
Survey date: 25/02/2009
Survey instrument: interview and questionnaire.
Subjects: students of Ning Bo Chai Qiao middle school. 30 students are interviewed, 98 students (30 interviewed students and another 68 students) participate in questionnaire. All the 98 copies of questionnaire are valid.
The objective of this survey is to investigate:
1) Students’ attitudes towards cross-cultural communication in the ELF oral learning
2) Current situation of students’ information input.
3.1 The analysis of interviews
Thirty English learners are interviewed and are invited to answer only one question: what is a competent language learner like in your eyes? The responses tend to fall into three categories:
(1) Twenty five interviewees think that he or she is good at English listening, speaking, reading and writing abilities, especially at speaking and listening;
(2) Ten of them think he or she is familiar with foreign culture and is a successful cross-cultural communicator.
(3) Five of them think a good command of native language is necessary.
In order to describe more directly, the results of interviews are put into a table (Table.1).
Table1. Results of the Interview
Positive attitudes Percentage
Language proficiency learning(reading, writing, speaking and listening) 83.33％ (25/30)
Accumulation of culture 33.33％ (10/30)
Mother tongue proficiency 16.67％ ( 5/30)
These students’ responses reveal the following information:
Firstly, these students still see the four basic skills (speaking, listening, reading and writing) as their main study objective. Secondly, cross-cultural communication competence has already been realized by language learners, but this group is small compared to the whole. Thirdly, the importance of mother tongue competence has only been seen by a few interviewees.
According to this interview, most interviewees have realized the importance of language proficiency in language learning, but the point is why only one third of the interviewees have realized the importance and necessity of cross-cultural communicative competence since which are discussed so warmly in present language teachin g world? Do they hold a negative view on it or do they just have not yet obtained the awareness consciously?
3.2 The analysis of a questionnaire
The English learning questionnaire consists of nine closed-ended questions (see Appendix), For instance, “you have the interest and passion in English and language learning”, and the answers falls into four types:
1. Strongly Agree (SA) 2. Agree (A) 3. Disagree (D) 4. Strongly Disagree (SD)
According to the research content, the analysis of questionnaire is divided into two parts. The first five are put in Table 2 and the rest four questions are put in Table 4.
3.2.1 Data analysis on the questionnaire (1)
This part of analysis involves data analysis on questions 1-5 in the questionnaire and a comparison between the responds of the interviews and the questionnaire.
3.2.1.1 Data analysis on the questionnaire (1)
Table2. Results of Questions 1-5 in Questionnaire
SA A D SD
1) The cultivation of English skills(reading, writing, speaking and listening) is the foundation of the language learning 60.29％ 31.65％ 2.04％ 6.02％
2) Reading English novels everyday is necessary 17.35％ 69.39％ 13.26％ 0.00％
3) It is important to acquire a good knowledge of native language in the ELF oral learning 44.90％ 53.06％ 2.04％ 0.00％
4) The accumulation of language and cross-cultural communication competence are of equal importance 50.00％ 48.98％ 1.02％ 0.00％
5) It is necessary to read materials regularly about politics, economy, culture, and so on 39.80％ 60.20％ 0.00％ 0.00％
Questions 1-5 (see appendix) indicate a clear picture of students’ attitudes towards language proficiency learning, native language learning, and accumulation on cross-cultural communication competence, literature, and politics and so on. On the importance of the cultivation of reading, speaking, listening and writing in language learning, 91.94% (60.29% SA+31.65% A) of English majors agree and of which 64.29% strongly agree. On daily English novels reading, a total of 86.74% (17.35% SA+69.39% A) consider it necessary. On the necessity a good command of native language, 97.96% (44.90% SA+53.06% A) of English learners agree. On the relation of native language learning and foreign language learning, 98.98% (50.0% SA+48.98% A) believe that these two are of equal importance. Finally, on a regularly reading of politics, economy, and culture, all (39.80% SA+60.20% A) the students hold a supportive attitude.
3.2.1.2 Comparison between the interviews and the questionnaire
With regards to the similarities of the contents examined, it seems necessary to
have a comparison between the responds of the interviews and the questionnaire.
Table3. Comparison between the Interviews and the Questionnaire
Positive attitudes (SA+A) Interview
(open-ended) Questionnaire
(close-ended)
Foreign Language proficiency learning(reading, writing, speaking and listening) 83.88％ 91.94％
Accumulation of intercultural communication competence 33.33％ 98.98％
Mother tongue proficiency 16.67％ 97.96％
From the table above, the comparison is very clear that, towards the same research content, interviewees’ responds vary when they are faced with different types of questions. The gap is especially seen on the accumulation of cross-cultural communication competence and native language proficiency. Compared with open-ended question in the interview, interviewees tend to hold a more supportive view on closed-ended questions in the questionnaire. In other word, most English learners subjectively admit the importance of the accumulation of cross-cultural communication competence and native language proficiency, but the point is, not all of them have already obtained the awareness. However, two questions have been proposed from the comparison: (1) Why English learners have not obtained the cross-cultural awareness which should be tied up with the ELF oral learning? (2) Is that because they subjectively lack learning motivation or objectively, they lack timely and efficiently teachers’ cultural guidance?
3.2.2 Data analysis on the questionnaire (2)
This part of questionnaire (table4 in next page) mainly focuses on students’ attitudes towards learning motivation as well as classroom learning. Before the analysis is taken, a brief introduction on motivation can help to have a better understanding on the analysis.
1) Integrative motivation
Motivation has been identified as the learners’ orientation with regards to the goal of learning foreign language69. This form of motivation is known as integrative motivation.
.2) Instrumental Motivation
In contrast to integrative motivation is the form of motivation which is known as in strumental motivation. This is generally characterized by the desire to obtain something practical from the study of foreign language[9]125. With instrumental motivation, the purpose of study is more practical, such as meeting the requirements for college graduation, applying for a job and achieving higher social status.
Table4. Results of Questions 6-9 in Questionnaire
SA A D SD
6) Your have the interest and passion in the ELF oral learning 14.29％ 61.22％ 21.43％ 3.06％
7) You would prefer to get an English-related job after the graduation 21.43％ 66.33％ 11.22％ 1.02％
8) The present classroom teaching can cultivate your learning abilities and improve your cross-cultural skills 2.04％ 7.14％ 71.43％ 19.39％
9) You hope to have English class in various forms such as discussion, presentation, debate, performance and so on. 25.51％ 63.27％ 9.18％ 2.04％
As is shown in the table (results of questions 6 and 7), 75.51% (14.29%SA+61.22%A) of English learners have the interest and passion in language learning, and 87.76% (21.43%SA+66.33%A) of them would like to get an English related job in the future. According to the introduction of motivation, the answers to those two questions (questions 6 and 7) can be taken as the representation of integrative and instrumental motivation respectively. Therefore, a conclusion can be made that, most students subjectively want to make a living by using their language competence.
In order to check the condition of students’ cultural information input, questions 8 and 9 are designed and analyzed. 89.82% (71.43%D+19.39SD) of English learners do not think that the present classroom teaching can cultivate their learning abilities and improve their cross-cultural communication competence, whereas a total of 88.78% (25.51%SA+63.27%A) hope to have English class in various forms such as discussion, presentation, debate, performance and so on. It can be found that most English majors are not satisfied with the current classroom teaching. They hope to enjoy a more interactive and communicative teaching style. The traditional text-based grammatical and linguistic teaching could not meet the needs of the cultivation of communicative competence to some extent. What’s more important is that students are supposed to have a consciously as well as unconsciously cultural awareness promote by language teachers.
3.2.3 Data analysis on culture curriculum
It is shown from the result of question 8 in the table above (table 4) that present foreign language teaching has not provided a satisfactory fruit on cultural awareness cultivation. A question should be taken into consideration, that is, how can cross-culture awareness be expressed in the foreign language curriculum, with the purpose to cultivate language learners’ cultural awareness and communication insight into the target civilization? For a long time, this has been attempted by introducing the geographical environment and historical or political development of the foreign culture, its institutions and customs, its literary achievements, and even everyday life of its people. Take English learners in Ning Bo Chai Qiao middle school as an example, their cultural input has largely come from courses such as Extensive Reading, Communication between Cultures, American Literature, and An Outline Introduction to Britain and America, and so on. Following is a basic analysis on the four courses.
Table5. Courses Information
Course Duration Teacherˊs background
Extensive Reading first 4 terms Chinese
Communication between cultures the 7th term New Zealander
American literature the 7th term Chinese
An Outline Introduction to Britain and America the 7th term Canadian
Extensive Reading was taught by a Chinese teacher during the first four terms, and the teaching contents mainly focus on western culture, economy, politic, education and so on. After two years study, it helps students build up a general view on western civilization. Communication between Cultures is taught by a English-speaking teacher from New Zealand, the teaching content seems “boring and meaningless” said the majority of students, the teacher read the chapters from the book to the class instead of giving practical cross-cultural communication analysis. So for most students, they did not learn as much as they expected from this course. American literature was taught by a Chinese teacher, and the teaching contents include background information introduction and literacy reading. An Outline Introduction to Britain and America was taught by a Canadian teacher who has a good experience on both British and American cultures. In this course, students are introduced to a comparison of the British and American culture.
From what have been introduced above, it can be seen that although there are four courses and an 28-month course duration, most of what students have taken is an education of “cultural background knowledge” on Chinese or English rather t han practical cross-cultural communication stimulation such as comparisons or contradictions between the target and native culture. To some extent, it revels why most English students have not got a conscious awareness in cultural or cross-cultural communication competence.
Through comparisons between the interview and the questionnaire, it can be seen that students hold positive attitudes on develop the competence of intercultural communication, but for some reasons, not so many have already obtained conscious cross-cultural awareness. Through further analysis of curriculum on cultural teaching, it reveals that present cultural teaching in ELF oral teaching shows the weakness in practical, sufficient and conscious cultural input to help build up language learner’s cross-cultural awareness. Moreover, the current teaching is also expected to be more communicative and interactive. Thus, following on are the possible ways to promote the competence of intercultural communication,
4.1 The necessity of develop cross-cultural communication competence
Firstly, it is vital for language teachers to help language learners develop their cross-cultural communication competence. If the final purpose of intercultural communication competence cultivation is to help students to acquire cross-cultural communication competence, then what cross-cultural communication competence is? According to Kramsch’s opinion, cross-cultural awareness is not really a skill, but a collection of skills and attitudes known as a competence[12].
Secondly, it is necessary to make clear what cross-cultural awareness skills students are supposed to acquire. It has been suggested that cross-cultural awareness consists of having four different perspectives on communication with a different culture. Cross-cultural competent students should be able to:
----look at their own culture from the point of view of their own culture (for example, having a good understanding and awareness of their own culture)
----Be aware of how their culture is seen from outside, by other countries or cultures
----understand or see the target culture from its own perspective (for example, understanding and being aware of what other people think of their own culture)
----Be aware of how they see the target culture
4.1.1 The request of the development of Internationalization
Lin Dajin in the “cross-cultural communication study, ” pointed out that culture can be defined as “ the integrated feature that a nation is distinct from another nation. ” Cultural differences are the barriers of cross-cultural communication. The modernization process accelerated the circulation of spiritual and material products, and brought all nationalities into a common “global village”, cross-cultural communication became an integral part of national life. If people do not understand the cultural convention in the USA or Britain, and use the way of China to treat foreigners, then it will create a lot of jokes, and even hurt each other's feelings, self-esteem and cause misunderstanding. Thus, to overcome the cultural differences caused by communication barriers has become a common problem faced by the entire world.
4.1.2 It is imperative to understand the cultural background knowledge
Understanding cultural knowledge is the key to language learning. “One can not really learn the language, and teach language well unless one knows the patterns and norms of culture and cultural background[14]224. ” Without a specific cultural background, language is non-existent. If we don’t know the culture of target language, we would find it is difficult to understand the meaning of certain words. For example, “Thanksgiving”, “Sandwich” has been brought about in a specific social and historical circumstance, it is not enough merely to know the meaning of the surface of these words. Another example is: “You are, indeed, a lucky dog”, the literal translation is “you are a lucky dog. ” This is a satiric sentence in China, because, in Chinese views, “dog” is an expression when people used to refer generally to dislike someone. While in English, it can mean, “You are a lucky man. ” In Western society, “dog” is a family member, and they are harmonious coexisting with people “Dog” here refers to people instead of satirizing others, but a very intimate expression.
4.1.3 Cultural knowledge teaching is the objective of language teaching
The main objective of language teaching is to train and develop students’ interpersonal skills. And cultural knowledge teaching can increase the ability of cross-cultural communication, which is the important content to achieve goals of language teaching. For example, in American society, praise and compliments language that flatter mainly a personal appearance, new things, personal property, and individuals in a ce rtain area are commonly used as the introduction to a conversation. This is different from Chinese. Thus, different nations have different cultural environments, different living habits and different languages behavior expressions. And as a language learner, if not ideologically “physically entering their social linguistic environment” will be difficult to achieve the goal of language learning，not to say that language teaching objectives will be accomplished.
4.2 Some strategies for improving cross-cultural communication competence in the ELF oral learning in Chinese middle school
After the survey research and data analysis, now we have a clear idea of the common reasons that triggered the weakness of the cross-cultural communication in middle school ELF oral teaching. However, we do not have a clarity solution about this situations. Therefore, some strategies were listed here to help learners with their language learning.
4.2.1 Some strategies to learners
4.2.1.1Raising culture awareness
Culture awareness is the term we have used to describe sensitivity to the impact of culturally---induced behavior on language use and communication. It including two qualities: one is awareness of one’s own culture, the other is awareness of the culture[7]15.
Unfortunately, in China, cross-cultural communication errors can be found from time to time. In the ELF oral learning, culture factor needs to be taken seriously. To cultivate students’ intercultural communication we need first to arouse their cultural awareness. Because of different cultural background, life experience, profession, sex, education, even age, character, people may have different modes of interaction. People learn to think, feel, behave and strive for what their culture considers proper. These means there might not be the same as what is intended by the speaker. If we are aware of this, we can avoid ethnocentricity, and can have better communication with people all over the world.
Speakers of a foreign language often have the experience of making careless mistakes which may cause get angry, may be embarrassing and may arouse hostility from native speaker. Often such mistakes occur even though the application of the linguistic rules of grammar, vocabulary or pronunciation is correct. These mistakes are culture errors but occur because of not knowing or choosing the appropriate style, and manner to use for effective communication.
4.2.1.2 The development of sensitiveness to culture differences
There are four stages in the development of the sensitiveness to culture differences. The first, one can make out the obvious, superficial culture characteristics. In other word, he will find them interesting and exotic. The second, one can judge the delicate meaningful cultural characteristics that are quite different from his own. Usually he will feel them incredible or hard to accept .The third, one can accept the cultural characteristics after rational analysis. The fourth, one can be in the other peoples’ shoes and appreciate the cultural characteristics. In other words, the first three stage can be understood, and the fourth empathy.
4.2.1.3 The development of empathy
In order to communication effectively, you need a deep degree of empathy, that is to be able to understand the other person’s affective and cognitive states. Empathy differs from sympathy in that it does not include pity or approval. And focuses on the feelings of others, not our own[12]114. Empathy involves relativism and flexibility, which knowledge alone cannot consist. Teachers can create good classroom environment where students tolerate and appreciate different norms by bringing up students’ empathy. In China, we always emphasize collectivism instead of individualism. But in English class, we advocate differences, to encourage students to understand each other.
To facilitate empathy, we can take these measures:
(1) Subjects like history, anthropology, and sociology should be introduced into
the curriculum. Through these subjects, the students can not only acquaint themselves with the examples of foreign culture, but also master some concepts and principles concerning with culture.
(2) The students should be encouraged to read broadly in Chinese middle
school, both fiction non-fiction, literal or philosophical. Including proverbs, broad reading can be a student better understand and communicate with other cultures. Only through broad reading can he know the taboos, values, beliefs and religion of another culture, only through broad reading can be truly come to realize why privacy is so important and that individualism is so cherished.
(3) The students should he sent abroad for further study if possible. Thus they
can live with the natives for some time, no chance is better than the close contact. They can enjoy the new culture. By enhancing ICC, the intercultural communication of the learners can be carried out tactfully, acco rding to different context.
4.2.2 Some strategies to teachers
Language teachers are supposed to exert instructional strategies to help language learners promote their cross-cultural communication competence, that is, provide language learners with some useful ideals for presenting culture from its own perspective, for example, understanding and being aware of what people in target culture think of their own culture.Chinese teachers should take advantage of foreign teachers. Foreign teachers are rich in knowledge, idiomatic English, strong teaching culture context, full of wit and humor, longing to understand much more about Chinese culture. This attitude can have a great influence on students, and increased their desire of learning English well and knowing about the culture of English-speaking countries. Teachers can make full use of such rare chances and consult foreign teachers that they are according to the calendar, then all of the teachers and students can try their best to create all kinds of conditions to speak them imitatively —Action speak louder than words. Just as what we mentioned above, we have been aware of the importance of learning some cultural knowledge about the target language. It seems impossible and unnecessary for us to have a systematic study of target culture, which covers almost everything, in one’s whole lifetime. The difficulty shows that culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional and complex. A good solution to this problem might be to learn selectively those cultural factors that have great influence on intercultural communication, and that are closely related to the language. So on culture teaching we should follow these principles :( 1) interrelated. that is culture teaching must be interrelated with the content of the text. (2) Appropriate, that is culture teaching must be subjected to language teaching. (3) Practical, that is culture teaching must try to be “useful” for students in their communication. (4) Scientific, that is culture knowledge must be taught correctly, completely and objectively. (5) Flexible, that is culture teaching must be flexible according to the change of the world.
We must obey these five principles if we want to cultivate students’ abilities of cross-cultural communication. What we should teach in ELF classes is simply a foreign way of life related to the target language and teachers should avoid bringing their own cultural prejudice into class. The world is changing, so are the traditions and customs. The constant changes require us to improve our skills of intercultural communication by doing two things: understanding the cultural differences, especially the differences in the deep structure of different cultures, and becoming flexible in intercultural communication. There is a great tendency that one culture adopts the elements from another that are compatible with its own values and beliefs or that can be changed without causing major disruption.
4.2.2.1 Make full use of developing the interest of the competence of intercultural communication in the ELF oral learning in Chinese middle school
Intercultural communication is a big issue, which is not easy for both teachers and students to understand and realize. For successful cultural teaching, we suggest doing the following:
(1) Teach culture differences. Teachers should directly address the similarities and peculiarities between the source culture and the target culture. This can be done through the comparison of the two cultures.
(2) Provide opportunities for students to use the language in situational conversations. While introducing the students play a real-life role and practice their everyday language use according to the varied situation.
(3) Induce students to read literal works, which are vivid and abundant material to understand the character, the psychological state, culture characteristics, convention, and social relationships. Reading newspaper is also the direct path.
(4) Be aware of your students development level, when selecting themes or concepts to present. At first, learning activities should be clear and specific in lower levels, gradually, becoming more complex than the level of the student increases. There are a variety of children’s fiction which presents concepts like similarities, differences and prejudice which can be used at lower levels. At upper levels fiction and biographies can be used to present the more complicated ideas. Try to connect the unfamiliar with the familiar, the known with the unknown.
(5) Use plenty of ways in both general learning tasks and in language learning tasks.
(6) Use varied methods to check the understanding level of the students.
(7) Be enthusiastic. As a teacher you need to be aware of the value of learning a second language in terms of its contribution to developing cultural aware and a range of other cognitive and vocational benefits. Your attitude will influence the attitudes of the child ren in the class and their parents.
Beside, Chinese teachers should take advantage of foreign teachers. Foreign teachers are rich in knowledge, idiomatic English, strong teaching culture context, full of wit and humor, longing to understand much more about Chinese culture. This attitude can have a great influence on students, and increased their desire of learning English well and knowing about the culture of English-speaking countries. Teachers can make full use of such rare chances and consult foreign teachers that they are according to the calendar, then all of the teachers and students can try their best to create all kinds of conditions to speak them imitatively —Action speak louder than words.
For example, we once tried to spend Christmas and Hallowmas with all foreign teachers together in our school .The students were very interested and active in the activities， and such experiences can have impressed them strongly and forever.
Teachers should encourage students to communicate with foreign teachers and some other foreigners in and out of school. Students and foreign teachers can have classes, play games and take part in many kinds of activities together. Communicating with foreigners can provide students with the real cultural context in which English is used actually and stimulate students to learn English well including knowing about foreign culture.
As the success of many activities depends on good organization and on the students knowing exactly what they are to do. A teacher is thus mainly an organizer, whose work is different from administrator of a school system. But the teacher, like any other organizer, works primarily with people, and his task and responsibility are to create situations in which people can do their best and achieve their best.
Since teachers are key roles during culture teaching, they must play a positive role in helping the students to develop intercultural communicative competence and increase the students’ chances to succeeding in both language learning. It is not an expendable skill tacked on to the teaching of speaking, listening, writing and reading. It is always in some background. Lack of intercultural competence will limit the students’ ability to make sense of the world around them, and lead to failure in using English for communication across-culture.
4.2.2.2 Make full use of pictures, films, TV, computers and other audio-visual aids to make the teaching lively and interesting. Explore to the full the opportunities for students with the target culture information.
(1) Plays in and out of class
It is proved that plays in and out of class are probably the most efficient ways of language teaching.
The role of plays and dramas manifests itself when learners perform by themselves. Mini-dramas acted by students expose them to a “process of self-confrontation” with the target cultural communicates. The learners can act out mini-dramas written by them, which show misinterpretation of something that happens in the target cultural context. The cause of the problem is usually clarified in the final scene. Cultural similarities and differences will be analyzed by way of follow-up discussion.
In the listening book of Senior English book3 unit24, the material involves “finding a job”, English teachers can extract one or two advertisements from the magazine for students. Teachers can ask the students to divide into two groups, one group act as recruiters, and the other group act as applicants. By looking at the advertisements, appointing to interview, using some simple props, students can exchange views on working conditions, wages and other issues. Thus, students can understand the practical knowledge of Foreign Service work; the actors also can improve their abilities of practical language.
A short play can be broken down into sections. As learners learn (not memorize) one section, they move on to the next. By combining the sections, they have learned the play. The use of this technique enables different groups of learners to work on several short plays at the same time and leads to the creation of several shirt plays simultaneously.
Drama is a useful tool in cultural learning. A full semester’s work can be built around a drama project, or it can fill five or ten minutes at the beginning or end of a lesson. It encourages the learners to view the linguistic and cultural knowledge as a tool for communication rather than as an academic subject. It can bring life and vitality to the classroom.
(2) Classroom presentation
At the beginning of each lesson, teachers can hold a “cultural corner” sessions, with 5-10 minutes. Teachers or students can introduce one aspect of Western culture, such as famous events of foreign country in history, a prominent figure in the world, or some literary works. To accumulate the cultural knowledge for a long time, students’ cultural knowledge will naturally become broad and rich.
(3) Photo display
Use maps, photographs, and illustrations of the text to introduce relative cultural elements vividly. For instance, when we teach the States of Liberty which appears in the lesson 10 of junior English book3, at first we can display a wall chart of the Statue of Liberty in the United States in front of the classroom, then ask the students to identify it and then observe the Statue of Liberty carefully in the facial expressions, posture language, the hold-high arm and torch. And then teachers can introduce the following cultural background briefly: Batuoerdi, a French sculptor, builds U.S. Statue of Liberty. He takes his mother's face and his wife's body as models to manufacture it. The Goddess of Liberty not only has swallowed vicissitudes face, but also perseverance. The torch in her hand is a symbol of freedom shining all over the world. Then teachers can guide the students to make analysis of the understanding of American national spirit through the Statue of Liberty. Teachers also can allow the students to list their deepest impression in other countries or ethnic representation construction.
(4) Song appreciation
The important function of the songs is to express one’s wishes. Many lyrics and melody of songs are also full of rich cultural content. Students generally are interested in songs. If time is enough in the class, teachers can choose one or two representative English songs for students to appreciate or learn to sing. It is an effective method in the teaching of English cultural knowledge to analyze the content of the lyrics and music rhythm feelings. And then the students can accept the cultural baptism. For example, a song has a lyric like “Love is blue.”(Blue love). Then what representation is “blue” in English? It often expressed "frustration and anxiety". Teachers cited examples to analyze, and then asked students to appreciate this song, try to see if there are any new experiences.
(5) Foreign festivals on the campus
This activity is of great interest to young students. The celebration could take place in a class, a grade or the whole school with the help of the branch of the Youth League. All kinds of activities can be held in festivals, such as performance of foreign songs, dancing and dramas, holding costume parties, watching foreign films, attending lectures given by foreign experts and enjoying foreign food. By celebrating foreign festivals, learners will immerse in the target cultural context. Teachers are to give introduction on the origin and the conventional activities of the festival. A comparison of the similarities and differences between the foreign festivals and Chinese festivals can develop the learners’ cultural awareness.
(6) Using authentic materials
Obviously, the best way to learn foreign cultural background knowledge is to go to that country to stay there for a period of time. But we know that it is almost impossible to have such an opportunity, especially for our students. Therefore, it is practically necessary for the teachers to use authentic materials to teach culture.
Mass media, such as, film, novels and especially newspapers and magazines, is also considered as an insightful means for teaching culture, for they reflect people’s way of life in terms of variety contemporaneity and authenticity. Students in an ELF setting will spontaneously ask questions about puzzling aspects of society and life as reflected in the film or magazine. This material is by no means easy to interpret because there is so much central inference and it requires deep familiarity with and comprehensive exegeses of the culture in question. Therefore “all such material should be selected with an eye to the subculture diversity of the target community”.
5. Conclusion
Today, international cultural exchange is going on directly and indirectly, with its new scope, content, form and method unheard of before. To confine oneself to one’s own culture is to go against the times. Now, in our country, the open policy towards the rest of the world has become a fundamental policy. This policy has brought about much broader prospects for international cultural exchange. Therefore, overcoming cultural barriers has become more and more important. Only by surmounting the barriers can we get a high degree of cultural exchange, make use of good things from other cultures and build up our cultural and material wealth. This exchange will contribute to understanding and friendship among nations as well as development in science and culture.
In the practical teaching, the culture teaching should be presented as many detailed as possible in the teaching syllabus. The teaching materials should not be located only in the source culture and should be a constructive attempt to be explicit about intercultural behavior and communication, especially, in view of the limited language available at this level. Besides, in the classroom ELF oral teaching, teachers are expected to use a variety of teaching methods that are suitable to students’ level. In intercultural communication settings, Chinese learners in culture instruction should keep an open mind: we should try to avoid the prejudiced culture stereotypes over the other cultures and our own. Especially, we should put higher focus on the learning of our own Chinese culture. Another key point is becoming awareness of our own culture bottom lines. We must learn what our own culture line is ― the values where we are can negotiate, but we cannot compromise. We can allow others to be different, and respect their differences as they respect ours.
Though the culture teaching is a very complicated and difficult part to deal with, the educators and teachers involved in language education should make great efforts to carry out this part thoroughly. This determines much whether the effective cross-cultural communication can be preceded smoothly between China and the world.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Meng Dong, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Han Xiaoya, Shen Yin and many others.
And I also appreciate Li Neng, who offer me great help during the time I was in the practice in Ning Bo Chai Qiao middle school. Without her help, I could not finish my survey in this paper.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
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AppendixⅠ
*Questionnaire:
Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree
1) The cultivation of English skills(reading, writing, speaking and listening) is the foundation of the language learning
2) Reading English novels everyday is necessary
3) It is important to acquire a good knowledge of native language in foreign language learning
4) The accumulation of language and cross-cultural competence are of equal importance
5) It is necessary to read materials regularly about politics, economy, culture, and so on
6) You have the interest and passion in the ELF oral learning
7) You would prefer to get an English-related job after graduation
8) The present classroom teaching can cultivate your learning ability and improve your cross-cultural skills
9) You hope to have English class in various forms such as discussion, presentation, debate, performance and so on.
诚 信 承 诺
我谨在此承诺：本人所写的毕业论文《论中学英语口语教学中跨文化交际能力的培养》均系本人独立完成，没有抄袭行为，凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料，均作了注释，若有不实，后果由本人承担。
篇8
一
能够使每一位同学都态度大方地回答问题，只是口语能力训练的一个最基本要求。我们要采取许多别的形式，真正使口语教学方法多样化。
（一）复述能力的训练。
对一些故事性较强的课文内容进行复述，这一点受到不少老师的重视。例如，要求学生在熟读《桃花源记》的基础上，根据适当的提示，用自己的话复述全文内容。这既可以帮助学生理解课文的大意，同时又可以提高其概括能力，效果是很好的。还必须进一步引导他们用简洁的语言提炼文章的主旨。除了复述课文之外，还可以利用课前5分钟，由学生轮流上台复述前一天给自己印象最深的时事新闻。这一方面可培养学生看和听的能力，另一方面可训练口语表达能力。现在，很多学生不关心国内外大事，只关心一些娱乐八卦新闻，这对学习语文是很不利的。通过语文课引导学生复述时事新闻，有助于改变以上状况，一举多得。
（二）口头小作文。
复述课文内容或时事新闻是有规律可循的，有时候需要讲清一件事，不一定有模子可套。所以，平时还多口头小作文。对口头小作文的要求不一定真正与写书面作文的要求一样，但基本程序可以参照。一是确定题目，可以跟踪学生比较关注的热点问题，也可以是别的问题；二是结构、顺序等，跟书面作文一致。口头作文一开始比较难，可能不像书面作文，但只要坚持下去，久而久之，自然就会有明显的进步。有时候，可以组织学生配合读书，读完后用自己的话评价这本书，要求有理有据；有时候，还可以让学生事先准备，举行故事会。形式尽可能多样，目标就是提高口语表达能力。
（三）举行小型辩论会。
这一方式的主要作用是同步训练学生的思维和口语能力。前面提到有些学生当众说话时语无伦次，与思维比较混乱有关。学习辩论有助于解决这一问题。因为辩论时要求思想活跃、思维敏捷而缜密，既要善于抓住对方语言中的漏洞，又要防止自己的话出现问题，这就需要用合适的语言去表达自己的思想。在实际操作时，可以将辩论会搞得正规一些，像社会上通行的那样，也可以随便一点，搞成自由辩论，这更有利于调动全班同学共同参与。有一次，我曾经在初三的学生中组织过关于“学生玩电脑游戏”的自由辩论会，结果是连平时最不爱说话的同学也忍不住发表了自己的意见，很好地达到了预期的目的。
（四）演讲比赛
在日常生活中，少不了碰上需要向人介绍自己的主张、意见，或是需要说服、打动人家的场合。例如，班干部竞选，需要发表演讲。比较简单的演讲，初中生是能够做好的。我们只需要让学生明确自己演讲的目的，想办法“打动”人，并适当介绍一些简单的演讲技巧。重要的是要充分调动学生的积极性。语文教师兼班主任的，可以将这类语文课与班级工作适当有机结合，这样，两方面工作都会更主动。
以上介绍的几种方法，对提高学生的口语水平都非常有益。我们可以根据不同的教学阶段，制定相应的教学计划，明确训练重点，循序渐进，由易到难，甚至形成系列。
二
除了以上教学方法之外，在实际训练过程中，还有以下几个问题需要针对性地加以解决。
（一）说话要有中心，有条理。
首先，在事前应明确自己要讲清什么问题，中心是什么，说话要围绕这个问题展开，不要无的放矢，不着边际。说完了，要让人明白你究竟说什么，如果毫无头绪，摸不着头脑，那就等于没说，达不到自己的目的。其次要有条理，先说什么，后说什么，应有一个合理的顺序，若是东拉西扯、颠三倒四，也会使人听了不得要领，很难达到交际目的。
（二）说话要清楚、简洁。
有的同学讲了一大通，但就像一团乱麻，该讲清楚的不清楚。这就要求讲话者事先多思考，弄清楚讲的目的、对象、重点、方法、顺序和详略，只有先想清楚才能讲得清楚。另外，还要讲究简洁，不罗嗦。重复的话不要讲，该去掉的要舍得去掉，去掉那些与中心关系不大的话，去掉那些口头禅或不必要的叹词。
（三）说话要连贯、严密。
连贯是指句与句之间能够连接得上，严密是指说话有逻辑性。这都要求讲话者的思维应当连贯、严密。要力戒说话不经思考，漏洞百出，经不起推敲。平时就要多注意这一点。
篇9
口语交际是母语教学中的重要内容，长期以来，人们一直认为语文学习需要书面语的学习，新一论的课程改革中，口语交际作为一种重要的语文素养被提了出来，《语文课程标准》中也明确指出：“口语交际能力是现代公民的必备能力。”“语文课程应引导学生正确地理解和运用祖国语言，丰富语言的积累，培养语感，使他们具有适应实际需要的识字写字能力，阅读能力，写作能力，口语交际能力。”由此说明，口语交际已成为重要的语文教学内容之一。但是受传统语文“重书面，轻口语”的束缚，口语交际往往仅限在课堂内四十分钟的教学。农村学生现状分析， 迫使我们加强学生的口语交际能力。 在应试教育这一传统观念的约束下，我们学校和老师依然只重“传道、授业、解惑”的传统教学模式，忽视学生各方面能力培养，对于领导看不清摸不着的学生素质，只抱听之任之的态度。所以，如何拓宽口语交际训练渠道，全面提高学生口语交际能力，成为众多教育者关注和亟待解决的问题。
我们学校申请了一个关于培养学生口语交际能力研究的课题，在研究的过程中，我们发现教材中的很多话题对于农村学生来说并不是很适合。基于此，提出“农村学生口语交际系列话题研究”的课题，紧扣农村特色，广拓渠道，规范、扎实地训练。以此提高学生的口语交际能力，为农村学校口语交际教学起个示范作用。
二、课题的界定
1.本课题属基础教育类的语文科，口语交际指在各种交际活动中能正确、流利、得体地用口头语言表达交际思想的行为。
2.口语交际能力训练的实质是口语交际经验的类化过程，是语言知识要素和口语交际技能要素的获得与整合的过程。
3.本课题提出的口语交际规范训练旨在通过设计系列的口语交际话题，制定出一系列的话题项目，使学生口语交际能力渐进提高。
三、本课题在国内外研究的现状与趋势
口语交际的研究在我国语文学科里比较早，我搜索了一下发现大多研究的都是如何培养学生口语交际能力，对于专门的话题研究不是很多，特别是相对口语交际能力较差的农村学生，该如何拓宽适合他们的口语交际话题，迄今为止我们还未能找到这方面的调研报告。因而，我们提出了“农村学生口语交际系列话题研究”的课题，希望能为口语教学探索一点经验。
四、研究的理论依据
1.以建构主义学习理论为指导
2.以《语文课程标准》为研究的行动准则
3.以儿童发展心理学为研究指南
五、课题研究预期的目标
预期的目标：
1.通过课题研究，促进教师教育观念的进一步转变，努力使口语交际训练落到实处，使农村学生的口语交际话题的选择更为宽泛，对于提高学生的口语交际能力更为有利，全面提高学生素质。
2.探索口语交际话题的内容和策略。
3.通过课题研究，提高课题组成员的教育理论水平和研究能力，活跃我校口语教学的研究并形成特色。
六、研究的方法
1.行动研究法：根据学生的口语交际训练情况，适当调整课题研究，以便科学地进行本课题的研究工作。
2.经验总结法：定期或不定期对实验研究情况进行反思、探讨，及时总结归纳，为形成教科成果积累丰富鲜活的经验材料。
七、课题研究实施步骤
1、制定实施方案。2013年3月——2013年4月：学习理论，选择课题，制定实施方案。
2、探索实验方案。2013年5月——2015年5月：实施研究，搜集资料；整理分析，调整方案。
3、总结成果。2015年5月——2015年7月：探索实验，总结成果，课题总结。
八、预期的研究成果
教师在实施新课程的理念下，通过实质性操作和实践研究，总结经验，撰写的关于发展学生口语交际能力训练的典型案例，教学反思，教研论文，以及各年段实验教师开展的课题展示课，以此提高教师的教育教研水平。
篇10
新的小学语文教学大纲不再单提听话、说话，而是综合起来提“口语交际”。口语交际属于言语交际范畴，言语交际是人们在日常生活、学习和工作中以语言为工具所进行的一种交流信息和思想感情的活动，信息交流形式有听说（口语）、读写（书面语）两大类。口语交际是人们运用口头语言进行交谈、演讲、辩论等的一种言语交际活动，具备直接、简便、迅速的特点，使用最多最广，是最基本的语言信息交流手段。
口语交际，这过去甚至现在仍经常被忽视的教学部分，为什么老师会疏于对它的重视，我想并不是老师们不重视，不知道口语交际能力的培养对于学生来讲的重要意义，同行们在教学中也教学这部分，只苦于对口语交际课如何上，或如何让学生真正学到交际的本领而困惑，所以实施口语交际的教学过程中，如何引导学生学到交际的本领，如何让学生真正实现交际，变得尤为重要。那么，如何有心智，有灵性，创造性地利用文本内容，挖掘出多姿多彩的口语交际教学资源，培养学生的口语交际能力呢？在新语文课程标准启示下，我做了如下的尝试：
（一）创设交际情境，让学生自然交际
一、由图导说，激发学生的想像。
都说图画是鼓励学生说话的“兴奋剂“，图画是展开形象的重要手段，现今的教材中配有形象生动的图画，图画实际是把课文内容形象化，易于儿童接受，这样能唤起学生观察思考、说话的兴趣。我充分利用插图，由图导说，帮助学生理解课文内容，训练学生口语交际的能力。
如教《夏夜多美》这课时，我用课件出示文中的第一幅插图，引导学生观察图中小蚂蚁和睡莲的表情、动作，想想他们可能在说什么？同学们看着生动的画面，纷纷举手说：小蚂蚁快滑进水里了，挥着手向睡莲求救！另一个同学补充说：睡莲伸出双手，笑着说，不用怕，我来帮你。你看，形象的画面让他们看得多真，还会说：“滑、挥、伸。”看得多仔细，说得多准确呀！小朋友就不难理解夏夜的“美”了。又如《李时珍》（六册）课文配有一幅插图，画的是李时珍手拿一棵草药向爷孙俩请教。上课时，可以出示插图让学生观察，引导学生思考：李时珍怎样询问老爷爷?老爷爷又怎样介绍那棵草药的?旁边的小女孩又说什么?先引导学生借助插图进行合理想象，然后让学生分角色对话表演，再现画境，训练学生口语，从而深刻体会李时珍严谨的科学态度和不怕艰辛的精神。
学生的思维一旦被激活，就能点燃创新的火花，出现意想不到的精彩。这种教学设计大大激发了学生的思维和想像能力，有效地进行口语交际训练。
二、从文导演，激发学生的兴趣。
教学中，根据课本的特点，创设情境，安排适量的表演，为学生构建一个交际舞台，这样既有助于加深对课文的理解，又有益于学生口语交际能力的提高。要充分利用学生的各种感官去触摸、品味、体验文中的角色，用全部身心展示自己对角色的心理、情感等的体验和理解，教师能参与学生的活动，师会成为学生更想活动的催化剂，苏霍姆林斯基说：“儿童是用表象、色彩、声音来思维的。”对有趣的情节、人物，学生们有很大的兴趣，教师的参与更让他们有了动力，在师生共演中，进入情境，实现交际能力的训练。努力通过表演，交际的交互由生生之间到师生之间，由师生之间再到生本之间不断地转化，构建了一个多维度的口语交际平台，从文导演，提升学生的口语交际能力。无声的文本语言演绎为有声有色的生活话剧。
如：我在教《丑小鸭》这篇课文时，先引导学生找出各种动物角色，它们的动作和语言，进行感情朗读后，请几个同学分角色表演。小演员们戴着各种动物的头饰把动物的性格特点、动作、语言、神态维妙维肖地表演出来。表演完了，其他同学还纷纷争着扮演故事里的角色，这样课堂气氛达到了。通过表演，交际的交互由生生之间到师生之间，由师生之间再到生本之间不断地转化，构建了一个多维度的口语交际平台，从文导演，提升学生的口语交际能力。 转贴于
三、学文仿说，培养学生创造力。
学生善于仿写，教师千万不要限制学生的创造力，学完课文后应让他们结合自己的生活实践及所获取的信息，仿照课文的形式仿写，在仿写的过程中穿插听中评和听后评，对精彩的语句及时鼓励、表扬，使其品尝到成功的喜悦，获得满足感，增强口语交际的自信心和勇气。如《我爱故乡的杨梅》课文，作者按整体到部分，由表及里的顺序来叙述杨梅果的可爱，抓住杨梅果的形状、颜色、味道的特点来写。学习这一课，可组织举行“水果展销会”，让学生运用课文按一定顺序抓特点写的方法来介绍家乡的一种水果，并且鼓励学生大胆发挥，只要能吸引客商，你想怎样介绍就怎样介绍。这种教学在原有文本内容的基础上，拓宽教材内容，创设情境，学生学文仿说，既培养了学生的口语交际能力，又使学生的想像得到进一步的提升。
（二）指导方法，让学生学会交际
新课标对培养学生的语文素养中要求：学生应初步掌握学习语文的基本方法。情景的创设为交际做好了前期准备，下一步，老师的任务还应教给学生交际的方法。
1、有序观察，按序交际
学会观察，特别是学会有序观察是学生顺利交际的一个基本方法，例如，教学一年级下册语文园地八《我会讲》时，教学时，我先让学生观察每幅图，看懂每幅图，通过看第四幅图，让学生想猴子们用什么办法捞回了球，小组互评，谁的办法好。让学生养成有序观察，认真思考，按序交际的好习惯。
2、认真倾听，灵动交际
倾听是学生顺利进行交际的良好的习惯，培养学生交际能力时，应不忘引导学生听别人说话要认真、专注，听清楚别人表达的意思，以便能对别人的话做出及时反应，灵动交际。
3、清楚表达，出色交际
在教学过程中，我们老师应尽量让学生形成轻松、自由的交际心理，让他们多点时间，尽可能多的表达在训练中有技巧地处理学生的不足和错误，让他们形成清楚表达的能力，养成清楚表达的好习惯，在一次一次的交际训练中出色交际，在交际中获得成就感，更乐于交际。
对口语交际课的继续研讨是必要的，口语交际课的模式应是有效的，交际能力的训练应是长效的，应贯穿于整个语文教学，应渗透学生的课内、课外、校内、校外的生活环节，经过“细水长流”的口语交际训练，通过“润物细无声”的生活交际能力锻炼，新一代的公民必将具备能说会道、能言善辩，有如“滔滔江水”的口语交际能力，适应瞬息万变的时代需求。
参考文献
